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Silicon Valley is a region in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California that serves as a global center for high technology and innovation. It corresponds roughly to the geographical Santa Clara Valley. San Jose is Silicon Valley's largest city, the third-largest in California, and the tenth-largest in the United States; other major Silicon Valley cities include Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, Redwood City, Mountain View, Palo Alto, Menlo Park, and Cupertino. The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the third-highest GDP per capita in the world (after Zurich, Switzerland and Oslo, Norway), according to the Brookings Institution. The word "silicon" in the name originally referred to the large number of innovators and manufacturers in the region specializing in silicon-based MOS transistors and integrated circuit chips. The area is now home to many of the world's largest high-tech corporations, including the headquarters of more than 30 businesses in the...

The popularization of the name is credited to Don Hoefler. He first used it in the article "Silicon Valley USA", which appeared in the January 11, 1971 issue of the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News . However, it took about a decade before the term came into common use. The term gained widespread use in the early 1980s, at the time of the introduction of the IBM PC and numerous related hardware and software products to the consumer market.

Silicon Valley was born through the intersection of several contributing factors including a skilled science research base housed in area universities, plentiful venture capital, and steady U.S. Department of Defense spending. Stanford University leadership was especially important in the valley's early development. Together these elements formed the basis of its growth and success. Military technology roots edit On August 23, 1899, the first ship-to-shore wireless telegraph message to be received in the US was from the San Francisco lightship outside the Golden Gate, signaling the return of the American fleet from the Philippines after their victory in the Spanish–American War in 1898. The ship had been outfitted with a wireless telegraph transmitter by a local newspaper, so that they could prepare a celebration on the return of the American sailors. Local historian Clyde Arbuckle states in Clyde Arbuckle's History of San Jose that "California first heard the click of a ...

Computer chips edit Following the 1959 inventions of the monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip by Robert Noyce at Fairchild, and the MOSFET (MOS transistor) by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs, Atalla first proposed the concept of the MOS integrated circuit (MOS IC) chip in 1960, and then the first commercial MOS IC was introduced by General Microelectronics in 1964. The development of the MOS IC led to the invention of the microprocessor, incorporating the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit. The first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004, designed and realized by Federico Faggin along with Ted Hoff, Masatoshi Shima and Stanley Mazor at Intel in 1971. In April 1974, Intel released the Intel 8080, a "computer on a chip", "the first truly usable microprocessor". Homebrew Computer Club edit The Homebrew Computer Club was an informal group of electronic enthusiasts and technically minded hobby...

The San Francisco Bay Area has the largest concentration of high-tech companies in the United States, at 387,000 high-tech jobs, of which Silicon Valley accounts for 225,300 high-tech jobs. Silicon Valley has the highest concentration of high-tech workers of any metropolitan area, with 285.9 out of every 1,000 private-sector workers. Silicon Valley has the highest average high-tech salary in the United States at $144,800. Largely a result of the high technology sector, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita. The region is the biggest high-tech manufacturing centre in the United States. The unemployment rate of the region was 9.4% in January 2009 and has decreased to a record low of 2.7% as of August 2019. Silicon Valley received 41% of all U.S. venture investment in 2011, and 46% in 2012. More traditional industries also recognize the potential of high-tech development, an...

Depending on what geographic regions are included in the meaning of the term, the population of Silicon Valley is between 3.5 and 4 million. A 1999 study by AnnaLee Saxenian for the Public Policy Institute of California reported that a third of Silicon Valley scientists and engineers were immigrants and that nearly a quarter of Silicon Valley's high-technology firms since 1980 were run by Chinese (17 percent) or Indian descent CEOs (7 percent). There is a stratum of well-compensated technical employees and managers, including 10s of thousands of "single-digit millionaires". This income and range of assets will support a middle-class lifestyle in Silicon Valley. Diversity edit In November 2006, the University of California, Davis released a report analyzing business leadership by women within the state. The report showed that although 103 of the 400 largest public companies headquartered in California were located in Santa Clara County (the most of all counties), only 8.8%...

The following Santa Clara County cities are traditionally considered to be in Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order): citation needed The geographical boundaries of Silicon Valley have changed over the years. Historically, the term Silicon Valley was treated as synonymous with Santa Clara Valley, and then its meaning later evolved to refer to Santa Clara County plus adjacent regions in southern San Mateo County and southern Alameda County. However, over the years this geographical area has been expanded to include San Francisco County, Contra Costa County, and the northern parts of Alameda County and San Mateo County, this shift has occurred due to the expansion in the local economy and the development of new technologies. The United States Department of Labor's Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program defined Silicon Valley as the counties of Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz. In 2015, MIT researchers developed a novel me...

Museums edit Computer History Museum Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose CuriOdyssey, De Saisset Museum at Santa Clara University Hiller Aviation Museum The HP Garage Intel Museum Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University Japanese American Museum of San Jose Los Altos History Museum Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, Museum of American Heritage Palo Alto Art Center Palo Alto Junior Museum and Zoo Portuguese Historical Museum Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum San Mateo County History Museum San Jose Museum of Art San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles Sunnyvale Heritage Park Museum The Tech Museum of Innovation Viet Museum Winchester Mystery House Performing arts edit Opera San José Ballet San Jose California Youth Symphony Symphony Silicon Valley San Jose Center for the Performing Arts Broadway San Jose San Jose Repertory Theatre San Jose Youth Symphony San Jose Improv SjDANCEco Broadway by the Bay, Redwood City ...

In 1980, Intelligent Machines Journal changed its name to InfoWorld , and, with offices in Palo Alto, began covering the emergence of the microcomputer industry in the valley. Local and national media cover Silicon Valley and its companies. CNN, The Wall Street Journal , and Bloomberg News operate Silicon Valley bureaus out of Palo Alto. Public broadcaster KQED (TV) and KQED-FM, as well as the Bay Area's local ABC station KGO-TV, operate bureaus in San Jose. KNTV, NBC's local Bay Area affiliate "NBC Bay Area", is located in San Jose. Produced from this location is the nationally distributed TV Show "Tech Now" as well as the CNBC Silicon Valley bureau. San Jose-based media serving Silicon Valley include the San Jose Mercury News daily and the Metro Silicon Valley weekly. Specialty media include El Observador and the San Jose / Silicon Valley Business Journal . Most of the Bay Area's other major TV stations, newspapers, and media operate in San Francis...

Some appearances in media, in order by release date: A View to a Kill —1985 film from the James Bond series. Bond thwarts an elaborate ploy by the film's antagonist, Max Zorin, to destroy Silicon Valley. Triumph of the Nerds: The Rise of Accidental Empires  – 1996 documentary Pirates of Silicon Valley —1999 film about the early days of Apple Computer and Microsoft (though the latter has never been based in Silicon Valley) Code Monkeys —2007 comedy series The Social Network —2010 film Startups Silicon Valley —reality TV series, debuted 2012 on Bravo Betas —TV series, debuted 2013 on Amazon Video Jobs —2013 film The Internship —2013 comedy film about working at Google Silicon Valley —2014 American sitcom from HBO Halt and Catch Fire— 2014 TV series, the last two seasons are primarily set in Silicon Valley Steve Jobs— 2015 film Watch Dogs 2 —2016 video game developed by Ubisoft Valley of the Boom—2019 docudrama about the 1990s tech boom in Silicon Valley Devs— 2020 TV mi...